(编辑:jimmy 日期: 2024/11/17 浏览:2)
RabbitMQ与Redis对比
"color: #ff0000">RabbitMQ应用场景
RabbitMQ消息模型
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pip install pika
1.单生产单消费模型:即完成基本的一对一消息转发。
# 生产者代码 import pika credentials = pika.PlainCredentials('chuan', '123') # mq用户名和密码,没有则需要自己创建 # 虚拟队列需要指定参数 virtual_host,如果是默认的可以不填。 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost', port=5672, virtual_host='/', credentials=credentials)) # 建立rabbit协议的通道 channel = connection.channel() # 声明消息队列,消息将在这个队列传递,如不存在,则创建。durable指定队列是否持久化 channel.queue_declare(queue='python-test', durable=False) # message不能直接发送给queue,需经exchange到达queue,此处使用以空字符串标识的默认的exchange # 向队列插入数值 routing_key是队列名 channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='python-test', body='Hello world!2') # 关闭与rabbitmq server的连接 connection.close()
# 消费者代码 import pika credentials = pika.PlainCredentials('chuan', '123') # BlockingConnection:同步模式 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost', port=5672, virtual_host='/', credentials=credentials)) channel = connection.channel() # 申明消息队列。当不确定生产者和消费者哪个先启动时,可以两边重复声明消息队列。 channel.queue_declare(queue='python-test', durable=False) # 定义一个回调函数来处理消息队列中的消息,这里是打印出来 def callback(ch, method, properties, body): # 手动发送确认消息 ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag) print(body.decode()) # 告诉生产者,消费者已收到消息 # 告诉rabbitmq,用callback来接收消息 # 默认情况下是要对消息进行确认的,以防止消息丢失。 # 此处将auto_ack明确指明为True,不对消息进行确认。 channel.basic_consume('python-test', on_message_callback=callback) # auto_ack=True) # 自动发送确认消息 # 开始接收信息,并进入阻塞状态,队列里有信息才会调用callback进行处理 channel.start_consuming()
2.消息分发模型:多个收听者监听一个队列。
# 生产者代码 import pika credentials = pika.PlainCredentials('chuan', '123') # mq用户名和密码 # 虚拟队列需要指定参数 virtual_host,如果是默认的可以不填。 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost', port=5672, virtual_host='/', credentials=credentials)) # 建立rabbit协议的通道 channel = connection.channel() # 声明消息队列,消息将在这个队列传递,如不存在,则创建。durable指定队列是否持久化。确保没有确认的消息不会丢失 channel.queue_declare(queue='rabbitmqtest', durable=True) # message不能直接发送给queue,需经exchange到达queue,此处使用以空字符串标识的默认的exchange # 向队列插入数值 routing_key是队列名 # basic_publish的properties参数指定message的属性。此处delivery_mode=2指明message为持久的 for i in range(10): channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='python-test', body='Hello world!%s' % i, properties=pika.BasicProperties(delivery_mode=2)) # 关闭与rabbitmq server的连接 connection.close()
# 消费者代码,consume1与consume2 import pika import time credentials = pika.PlainCredentials('chuan', '123') # BlockingConnection:同步模式 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost', port=5672, virtual_host='/', credentials=credentials)) channel = connection.channel() # 申明消息队列。当不确定生产者和消费者哪个先启动时,可以两边重复声明消息队列。 channel.queue_declare(queue='rabbitmqtest', durable=True) # 定义一个回调函数来处理消息队列中的消息,这里是打印出来 def callback(ch, method, properties, body): # 手动发送确认消息 time.sleep(10) print(body.decode()) # 告诉生产者,消费者已收到消息 ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag) # 如果该消费者的channel上未确认的消息数达到了prefetch_count数,则不向该消费者发送消息 channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) # 告诉rabbitmq,用callback来接收消息 # 默认情况下是要对消息进行确认的,以防止消息丢失。 # 此处将no_ack明确指明为True,不对消息进行确认。 channel.basic_consume('python-test', on_message_callback=callback) # auto_ack=True) # 自动发送确认消息 # 开始接收信息,并进入阻塞状态,队列里有信息才会调用callback进行处理 channel.start_consuming()
3.fanout消息订阅模式:生产者将消息发送到Exchange,Exchange再转发到与之绑定的Queue中,每个消费者再到自己的Queue中取消息。
# 生产者代码 import pika credentials = pika.PlainCredentials('chuan', '123') # mq用户名和密码 # 虚拟队列需要指定参数 virtual_host,如果是默认的可以不填。 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost', port=5672, virtual_host='/', credentials=credentials)) # 建立rabbit协议的通道 channel = connection.channel() # fanout: 所有绑定到此exchange的queue都可以接收消息(实时广播) # direct: 通过routingKey和exchange决定的那一组的queue可以接收消息(有选择接受) # topic: 所有符合routingKey(此时可以是一个表达式)的routingKey所bind的queue可以接收消息(更细致的过滤) channel.exchange_declare('logs', exchange_type='fanout') #因为是fanout广播类型的exchange,这里无需指定routing_key for i in range(10): channel.basic_publish(exchange='logs', routing_key='', body='Hello world!%s' % i) # 关闭与rabbitmq server的连接 connection.close()
import pika credentials = pika.PlainCredentials('chuan', '123') # BlockingConnection:同步模式 connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost', port=5672, virtual_host='/', credentials=credentials)) channel = connection.channel() #作为好的习惯,在producer和consumer中分别声明一次以保证所要使用的exchange存在 channel.exchange_declare(exchange='logs', exchange_type='fanout') # 随机生成一个新的空的queue,将exclusive置为True,这样在consumer从RabbitMQ断开后会删除该queue # 是排他的。 result = channel.queue_declare('', exclusive=True) # 用于获取临时queue的name queue_name = result.method.queue # exchange与queue之间的关系成为binding # binding告诉exchange将message发送该哪些queue channel.queue_bind(exchange='logs', queue=queue_name) # 定义一个回调函数来处理消息队列中的消息,这里是打印出来 def callback(ch, method, properties, body): # 手动发送确认消息 print(body.decode()) # 告诉生产者,消费者已收到消息 #ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag) # 如果该消费者的channel上未确认的消息数达到了prefetch_count数,则不向该消费者发送消息 channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) # 告诉rabbitmq,用callback来接收消息 # 默认情况下是要对消息进行确认的,以防止消息丢失。 # 此处将no_ack明确指明为True,不对消息进行确认。 channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True) # 自动发送确认消息 # 开始接收信息,并进入阻塞状态,队列里有信息才会调用callback进行处理 channel.start_consuming()
4.direct路由模式:此时生产者发送消息时需要指定RoutingKey,即路由Key,Exchange接收到消息时转发到与RoutingKey相匹配的队列中。
# 生产者代码,测试命令可以使用:python produce.py error 404error import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 声明一个名为direct_logs的direct类型的exchange # direct类型的exchange channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct') # 从命令行获取basic_publish的配置参数 severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info' message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!' # 向名为direct_logs的exchage按照设置的routing_key发送message channel.basic_publish(exchange='direct_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message)) connection.close()
# 消费者代码,测试可以使用:python consume.py error import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 声明一个名为direct_logs类型为direct的exchange # 同时在producer和consumer中声明exchage或queue是个好习惯,以保证其存在 channel.exchange_declare(exchange='direct_logs', exchange_type='direct') result = channel.queue_declare('', exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue # 从命令行获取参数:routing_key severities = sys.argv[1:] if not severities: print(sys.stderr, "Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]" % (sys.argv[0],)) sys.exit(1) for severity in severities: # exchange和queue之间的binding可接受routing_key参数 # fanout类型的exchange直接忽略该参数。direct类型的exchange精确匹配该关键字进行message路由 # 一个消费者可以绑定多个routing_key # Exchange就是根据这个RoutingKey和当前Exchange所有绑定的BindingKey做匹配, # 如果满足要求,就往BindingKey所绑定的Queue发送消息 channel.queue_bind(exchange='direct_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity) def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body,)) channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
5.topic匹配模式:更细致的分组,允许在RoutingKey中使用匹配符。
# 生产者代码,基本不变,只需将exchange_type改为topic(测试:python produce.py rabbitmq.red # red color is my favorite import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 声明一个名为direct_logs的direct类型的exchange # direct类型的exchange channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic') # 从命令行获取basic_publish的配置参数 severity = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else 'info' message = ' '.join(sys.argv[2:]) or 'Hello World!' # 向名为direct_logs的exchange按照设置的routing_key发送message channel.basic_publish(exchange='topic_logs', routing_key=severity, body=message) print(" [x] Sent %r:%r" % (severity, message)) connection.close()
# 消费者代码,(测试:python consume.py *.red) import pika import sys connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 声明一个名为direct_logs类型为direct的exchange # 同时在producer和consumer中声明exchage或queue是个好习惯,以保证其存在 channel.exchange_declare(exchange='topic_logs', exchange_type='topic') result = channel.queue_declare('', exclusive=True) queue_name = result.method.queue # 从命令行获取参数:routing_key severities = sys.argv[1:] if not severities: print(sys.stderr, "Usage: %s [info] [warning] [error]" % (sys.argv[0],)) sys.exit(1) for severity in severities: # exchange和queue之间的binding可接受routing_key参数 # fanout类型的exchange直接忽略该参数。direct类型的exchange精确匹配该关键字进行message路由 # 一个消费者可以绑定多个routing_key # Exchange就是根据这个RoutingKey和当前Exchange所有绑定的BindingKey做匹配, # 如果满足要求,就往BindingKey所绑定的Queue发送消息 channel.queue_bind(exchange='topic_logs', queue=queue_name, routing_key=severity) def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print(" [x] %r:%r" % (method.routing_key, body,)) channel.basic_consume(queue=queue_name, on_message_callback=callback, auto_ack=True) channel.start_consuming()
6.RPC远程过程调用:客户端与服务器之间是完全解耦的,即两端既是消息的发送者也是接受者。
# 生产者代码 import pika import uuid # 在一个类中封装了connection建立、queue声明、consumer配置、回调函数等 class FibonacciRpcClient(object): def __init__(self): # 建立到RabbitMQ Server的connection self.connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost')) self.channel = self.connection.channel() # 声明一个临时的回调队列 result = self.channel.queue_declare('', exclusive=True) self._queue = result.method.queue # 此处client既是producer又是consumer,因此要配置consume参数 # 这里的指明从client自己创建的临时队列中接收消息 # 并使用on_response函数处理消息 # 不对消息进行确认 self.channel.basic_consume(queue=self._queue, on_message_callback=self.on_response, auto_ack=True) self.response = None self.corr_id = None # 定义回调函数 # 比较类的corr_id属性与props中corr_id属性的值 # 若相同则response属性为接收到的message def on_response(self, ch, method, props, body): if self.corr_id == props.correlation_id: self.response = body def call(self, n): # 初始化response和corr_id属性 self.corr_id = str(uuid.uuid4()) # 使用默认exchange向server中定义的rpc_queue发送消息 # 在properties中指定replay_to属性和correlation_id属性用于告知远程server # correlation_id属性用于匹配request和response self.channel.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key='rpc_queue', properties=pika.BasicProperties( reply_to=self._queue, correlation_id=self.corr_id, ), # message需为字符串 body=str(n)) while self.response is None: self.connection.process_data_events() return int(self.response) # 生成类的实例 fibonacci_rpc = FibonacciRpcClient() print(" [x] Requesting fib(30)") # 调用实例的call方法 response = fibonacci_rpc.call(30) print(" [.] Got %r" % response)
# 消费者代码,这里以生成斐波那契数列为例 import pika # 建立到达RabbitMQ Server的connection connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(host='localhost')) channel = connection.channel() # 声明一个名为rpc_queue的queue channel.queue_declare(queue='rpc_queue') # 计算指定数字的斐波那契数 def fib(n): if n == 0: return 0 elif n == 1: return 1 else: return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2) # 回调函数,从queue接收到message后调用该函数进行处理 def on_request(ch, method, props, body): # 由message获取要计算斐波那契数的数字 n = int(body) print(" [.] fib(%s)" % n) # 调用fib函数获得计算结果 response = fib(n) # exchage为空字符串则将message发送个到routing_key指定的queue # 这里queue为回调函数参数props中reply_ro指定的queue # 要发送的message为计算所得的斐波那契数 # properties中correlation_id指定为回调函数参数props中co的rrelation_id # 最后对消息进行确认 ch.basic_publish(exchange='', routing_key=props.reply_to, properties=pika.BasicProperties(correlation_id=props.correlation_id), body=str(response)) ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag=method.delivery_tag) # 只有consumer已经处理并确认了上一条message时queue才分派新的message给它 channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1) # 设置consumeer参数,即从哪个queue获取消息使用哪个函数进行处理,是否对消息进行确认 channel.basic_consume(queue='rpc_queue', on_message_callback=on_request) print(" [x] Awaiting RPC requests") # 开始接收并处理消息 channel.start_consuming()