(编辑:jimmy 日期: 2024/12/26 浏览:2)
库的管理
创建库
create database [if not exists] 库名;
删除库
drop databases [if exists] 库名;
建库通用的写法
drop database if exists 旧库名; create database 新库名;
示例
mysql> show databases like 'javacode2018'; +-------------------------+ | Database (javacode2018) | +-------------------------+ | javacode2018 | +-------------------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql> drop database if exists javacode2018; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> show databases like 'javacode2018'; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> create database javacode2018; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
show databases like ‘javacode2018';列出javacode2018库信息。
表管理
创建表
create table 表名( 字段名1 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明'], 字段名2 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明'], 字段名3 类型[(宽度)] [约束条件] [comment '字段说明'] )[表的一些设置];
注意:
约束说明
not null:标识该字段不能为空
mysql> create table test1(a int not null comment '字段a'); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test1 values (null); ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null mysql> insert into test1 values (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test1; +---+ | a | +---+ | 1 | +---+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
**default value:**为该字段设置默认值,默认值为value
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test2; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> create table test2( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> b int not null default 0 comment '字段b' -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into test2(a) values (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select *from test2; +---+---+ | a | b | +---+---+ | 1 | 0 | +---+---+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面插入时未设置b的值,自动取默认值0
**primary key:**标识该字段为该表的主键,可以唯一的标识记录,插入重复的会报错
两种写法,如下:
方式1:跟在列后,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test3; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> create table test3( -> a int not null comment '字段a' primary key -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test3 (a) values (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test3 (a) values (1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'
方式2:在所有列定义之后定义,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test4; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> create table test4( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> b int not null default 0 comment '字段b', -> primary key(a) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> insert into test4(a,b) values (1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test4(a,b) values (1,2); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'PRIMARY'
插入重复的值,会报违法主键约束
方式2支持多字段作为主键,多个之间用逗号隔开,语法:primary key(字段1,字段2,字段n),示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test7; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test7( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> b int not null comment '字段b', -> PRIMARY KEY (a,b) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test7(a,b) VALUES (1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test7(a,b) VALUES (1,1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1-1' for key 'PRIMARY'
foreign key:为表中的字段设置外键
语法:foreign key(当前表的列名) references 引用的外键表(外键表中字段名称)
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test6; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test5; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test5( -> a int not null comment '字段a' primary key -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test6( -> b int not null comment '字段b', -> ts5_a int not null, -> foreign key(ts5_a) references test5(a) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test5 (a) values (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test6 (b,test6.ts5_a) values (1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test6 (b,test6.ts5_a) values (2,2); ERROR 1452 (23000): Cannot add or update a child row: a foreign key constraint fails (`javacode2018`.`test6`, CONSTRAINT `test6_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`ts5_a`) REFERENCES `test5` (`a`))
说明:表示test6中ts5_a字段的值来源于表test5中的字段a。
注意几点:
unique key(uq):标识该字段的值是唯一的
支持一个到多个字段,插入重复的值会报违反唯一约束,会插入失败。
定义有2种方式。
方式1:跟在字段后,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test8; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test8( -> a int not null comment '字段a' unique key -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test8(a) VALUES (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test8(a) VALUES (1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'a'
方式2:所有列定义之后定义,如下:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test9; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test9( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> unique key(a) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test9(a) VALUES (1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test9(a) VALUES (1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1' for key 'a'
方式2支持多字段,多个之间用逗号隔开,语法:primary key(字段1,字段2,字段n),示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test10; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test10( -> a int not null comment '字段a', -> b int not null comment '字段b', -> unique key(a,b) -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test10(a,b) VALUES (1,1); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test10(a,b) VALUES (1,1); ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry '1-1' for key 'a'
auto_increment:标识该字段的值自动增长(整数类型,而且为主键)
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test11; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test11( -> a int not null AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY comment '字段a', -> b int not null comment '字段b' -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (10); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (20); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test11; +---+----+ | a | b | +---+----+ | 1 | 10 | | 2 | 20 | +---+----+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
字段a为自动增长,默认值从1开始,每次+1
关于自动增长字段的初始值、步长可以在mysql中进行设置,比如设置初始值为1万,每次增长10
注意:
自增长列当前值存储在内存中,数据库每次重启之后,会查询当前表中自增列的最大值作为当前值,如果表数据被清空之后,数据库重启了,自增列的值将从初始值开始
我们来演示一下:
mysql> delete from test11; Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> insert into test11(b) VALUES (10); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test11; +---+----+ | a | b | +---+----+ | 3 | 10 | +---+----+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面删除了test11数据,然后插入了一条,a的值为3,执行下面操作:
删除test11数据,重启mysql,插入数据,然后看a的值是不是被初始化了?如下:
mysql> delete from test11; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test11; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> exit Bye C:\Windows\system32>net stop mysql mysql 服务正在停止.. mysql 服务已成功停止。 C:\Windows\system32>net start mysql mysql 服务正在启动 . mysql 服务已经启动成功。 C:\Windows\system32>mysql -uroot -p Enter password: ******* Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.7.25-log MySQL Community Server (GPL) Copyright (c) 2000, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql> use javacode2018; Database changed mysql> select * from test11; Empty set (0.01 sec) mysql> insert into test11 (b) value (100); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test11; +---+-----+ | a | b | +---+-----+ | 1 | 100 | +---+-----+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
删除表
drop table [if exists] 表名;
修改表名
alter table 表名 rename [to] 新表名;
表设置备注
alter table 表名 comment '备注信息';
复制表
create table 表名 like 被复制的表名;
如:
mysql> create table test12 like test11; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) mysql> select * from test12; Empty set (0.00 sec) mysql> show create table test12; +--------+-------+ | Table | Create Table +--------+-------+ | test12 | CREATE TABLE `test12` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a', `b` int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '字段b', PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+-------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
复制表结构+数据
create table 表名 [as] select 字段,... from 被复制的表 [where 条件];
如:
mysql> create table test13 as select * from test11; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec) Records: 1 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> select * from test13; +---+-----+ | a | b | +---+-----+ | 1 | 100 | +---+-----+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
表结构和数据都过来了。
表中列的管理
添加列
alter table 表名 add column 列名 类型 [列约束];
示例:
mysql> drop table IF EXISTS test14; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec) mysql> mysql> create table test14( -> a int not null AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY comment '字段a' -> ); Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> alter table test14 add column b int not null default 0 comment '字段b'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> alter table test14 add column c int not null default 0 comment '字段c'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> insert into test14(b) values (10); Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select * from test14; c +---+----+---+ | a | b | c | +---+----+---+ | 1 | 10 | 0 | +---+----+---+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
修改列
alter table 表名 modify column 列名 新类型 [约束]; 或者 alter table 表名 change column 列名 新列名 新类型 [约束];
2种方式区别:modify不能修改列名,change可以修改列名
我们看一下test14的表结构:
mysql> show create table test14; +--------+--------+ | Table | Create Table | +--------+--------+ | test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a', `b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b', `c` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段c', PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
我们将字段c名字及类型修改一下,如下:
mysql> alter table test14 change column c d varchar(10) not null default '' comment '字段d'; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table test14; ;; +--------+--------+ | Table | Create Table | +--------+--------+ | test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a', `b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b', `d` varchar(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '字段d', PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)
删除列
alter table 表名 drop column 列名;
示例:
mysql> alter table test14 drop column d; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec) Records: 0 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0 mysql> show create table test14; +--------+--------+ | Table | Create Table | +--------+--------+ | test14 | CREATE TABLE `test14` ( `a` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT COMMENT '字段a', `b` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '字段b', PRIMARY KEY (`a`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 | +--------+--------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec)