详解nginx 配置文件解读

main{#（全局设置）
http{#服务器
upstream{} #（负载均衡服务器设置：主要用于负载均衡和设置一系列的后端服务器）
server{ #（主机设置：主要用于指定主机和端口）
location{}#（URL匹配特点位置的设置）
}
}
}

user www www;
worker_processes 4;
worker_cpu_affinity 0001 0010 0100 1000;
error_log /var/logs/nginx_error.log crit;
pid    /usr/local/webserver/nginx/nginx.pid;
worker_rlimit_nofile 65535;

events{
 use epoll;
 worker_connections   65536;
}

http{
 include    mime.types;
 default_type application/octet-stream;
 #charset gb2312;
 }

server_names_hash_bucket_size 128;
client_header_buffer_size 32k; 
large_client_header_buffers 4 128k; 
client_max_body_size 10m; 
client_body_buffer_size 128k; 
sendfile on ; 
tcp_nopush on;
tcp_nodelay on;
keepalive_timeout 65 : 
client_body_timeout 60s;
send_timeout 60s;

fastcgi_connect_timeout 300; 
fastcgi_send_timeout 300; 
fastcgi_read_timeout 300; 
fastcgi_buffer_size 64k; 
fastcgi_buffers 4 64k; 
fastcgi_busy_buffers_size 128k; 
fastcgi_temp_file_write_size 128k; 
fastcgi_cache TEST; 
fastcgi_cache_path /usr/local/nginx/fastcgi_cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=TEST:10m inactive=5m; 
fastcgi_cache_valid 200 302 1h; 
fastcgi_cache_valid 301 1d; 
fastcgi_cache_valid any 1m; 

gzip on;
gzip_min_length 1k;
gzip_buffers  4 16k;
gzip_http_version 1.1;
gzip_comp_level 6;
gzip_types text/html text/plain text/css text/javascript application/json application/javascript application/x-javascript application/xml;
gzip_vary on;

server{
  listen 80 default;
  server_name _;
  index index.html index.htm index.php;
  root /data/htdocs/www;
  #server_name_in_redirect off;
  
  location ~ .*\.(php|php5)"_blank" href="https://www.jb51.net/article/190945.htm">死磕nginx系列–使用nginx做负载均衡

proxy_pass http://backend
请求转向backend定义的服务器列表，即反向代理，对应upstream负载均衡器。也可以proxy_pass http://ip:port。


proxy_redirect off;
proxy_set_header Host $host;
proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;


五、其它nginx参数
5.1 访问控制 allow/deny
Nginx 的访问控制模块默认就会安装，而且写法也非常简单，可以分别有多个allow,deny，允许或禁止某个ip或ip段访问，依次满足任何一个规则就停止往下匹配。如：


location /nginx-status {
 stub_status on;
 access_log off;
# auth_basic  "NginxStatus";
# auth_basic_user_file  /usr/local/nginx-1.6/htpasswd;
 allow 192.168.10.100;
 allow 172.29.73.0/24;
 deny all;
}


我们也常用 httpd-devel 工具的 htpasswd 来为访问的路径设置登录密码：


# htpasswd -c htpasswd admin
New passwd:
Re-type new password:
Adding password for user admin
# htpasswd htpasswd admin  //修改admin密码
# htpasswd htpasswd sean  //多添加一个认证用户


这样就生成了默认使用CRYPT加密的密码文件。打开上面nginx-status的两行注释，重启nginx生效。
5.2 列出目录 autoindex
Nginx默认是不允许列出整个目录的。如需此功能，打开nginx.conf文件，在location，server 或 http段中加入如下参数：


location /images {
 root  /var/www/nginx-default/images;
 autoindex on;
 autoindex_exact_size off;
 autoindex_localtime on;
 }



  
autoindex on;运行列出目录内容。另外两个参数最好也加上去。
  
autoindex_exact_size off; 默认为on，显示出文件的确切大小，单位是bytes。改为off后，显示出文件的大概大小，单位是kB或者MB或者GB。
  
autoindex_localtime on; 默认为off，显示的文件时间为GMT时间。改为on后，显示的文件时间为文件的服务器时间。

六、附录：通用配置文件


user www www;
worker_processes 2;
error_log logs/error.log;
#error_log logs/error.log notice;
#error_log logs/error.log info;
pid    logs/nginx.pid;
events {
  use epoll;
  worker_connections 2048;
}
http {
  include    mime.types;
  default_type application/octet-stream;
  #log_format main '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
  #         '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
  #         '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';
  #access_log logs/access.log main;
  sendfile    on;
  # tcp_nopush   on;
  keepalive_timeout 65;
 # gzip压缩功能设置
  gzip on;
  gzip_min_length 1k;
  gzip_buffers  4 16k;
  gzip_http_version 1.1;
  gzip_comp_level 6;
  gzip_types text/html text/plain text/css text/javascript application/json application/javascript application/x-javascript application/xml;
  gzip_vary on;
 
 # http_proxy 设置
  client_max_body_size  10m;
  client_body_buffer_size  128k;
  proxy_connect_timeout  75;
  proxy_send_timeout  75;
  proxy_read_timeout  75;
  proxy_buffer_size  4k;
  proxy_buffers  4 32k;
  proxy_busy_buffers_size  64k;
  proxy_temp_file_write_size 64k;
  proxy_temp_path  /usr/local/nginx/proxy_temp 1 2;
 # 设定负载均衡后台服务器列表 
  upstream backend { 
       #ip_hash; 
       server  192.168.10.100:8080 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s ; 
       server  192.168.10.101:8080 max_fails=2 fail_timeout=30s ; 
  }
 # 很重要的虚拟主机配置，多个虚拟机可以复制修改此部分
  server {
    listen    80;
    server_name test.example.com;
    root  /apps/oaapp;
    charset utf-8;
    access_log logs/host.access.log main;
    #对 / 所有做负载均衡+反向代理
    location / {
      root  /apps/oaapp;
      index index.php index.html index.htm;
      proxy_pass    http://backend; 
      proxy_redirect off;
      # 后端的Web服务器可以通过X-Forwarded-For获取用户真实IP
      proxy_set_header Host $host;
      proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; 
      proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
      proxy_next_upstream error timeout invalid_header http_500 http_502 http_503 http_504;
    }
    
    #静态文件，nginx自己处理，不去backend请求后端的服务
    location ~* /download/ { 
      root /data/app/nginx/downloads; 
    }
    
    location ~ .*\.(gif|jpg|jpeg|bmp|png|ico|txt|js|css)$ {  
      root /data/app/nginx/images;  
      expires   7d; 
    }
    
    location /nginx_status {
      stub_status on;
      access_log off;
      allow 192.168.10.0/24;
      deny all;
    }
    
    location ~ ^/(WEB-INF)/ {  
      deny all;  
    }
    
    #error_page 404       /404.html;
    # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
    #
    error_page  500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
    
    location = /50x.html {
      root  html;
    }
  }
}


六、附录：如何查看是否开启了gzip压缩
如果response header中包含Content-Encoding:gzip则表示开启gzip压缩。


Connection:keep-alive
Content-Encoding:gzip
Content-Type:text/html
Date:Wed, 29 Mar 2017 10:55:54 GMT
ETag:W/"58db92af-331a6"
Last-Modified:Wed, 29 Mar 2017 10:55:43 GMT
Server:nginx/1.10.3
Transfer-Encoding:chunked
Vary:Accept-Encoding


参考文档
Full Example Configuration

优化Nginx中FastCGI参数的实例

博客 Nginx 配置之性能篇